biology

• DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acid.
• Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an example ofprokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
  Proteins

  Proteins are polymers of amino acids; proteins typically make up about half of the total weight of the biomolecules in a cell excluding water. Proteins play a wide variety of role such as:

  • Enzymes: in the form of catalyst.
  • Structural material: in the form of keratin (protein found in hair and nails).
  • Contraction: as actin and myosin fibers that interact in muscle tissues for contraction and relaxation.
  • Signalling : Hormones such as insulin that regulate sugar level in blood

  
  

Meosis vs mitosis- me aaio sis -- this is infusion of gamettes 

mitosis -- is cellular division of the same cell

Rhizophora is a genus of tropical mangrove trees, sometimes collectively called true mangroves. The most notable species is the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) but some other species and a few natural hybrids are known. Rhizophora species generally live in intertidal zones which are indundated daily by the ocean. They exhibit a number of adaptations to this environment, including -pneutomatophores that elevate the plants above the water and allow them to respire oxygen even while their lower roots are submerged, and a cytological molecular "pump" mechanism that allows them to remove excess salts from their cells. The generic name is derived from the Greek words ριζα (rhiza), meaning "root," and φορος (phoros), meaning "bearing," referring to the stilt-roots.^[2]

sta + Men ==male part

Stigma ==because thats how society always blames women

The pericardium (from the Greek περί, "around" and κάρδιον, "heart") is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which containspericardial fluid.

• In the anterior side there is a right atrium and a left atrium.
• In the posterior side of the heart there is a right ventricle and a left ventricle persist.

• Between the right atrium and the right ventricle there is a tricuspid valve.

• In the vein there is impure blood i.e. carbon dioxide mixed blood.
• Pulmonary vein is the exception which always carries pure blood.
• Pulmonary vein carries the blood from lungs to left atrium. It has pure blood.

• Artery is the vessel which carries the blood from the heart towards the body.
• In artery there is pure blood i.e. oxygen mixed blood.
• But Pulmonary arteries are exception which always carries the impure blood.
• Pulmonary artery carries the blood from right ventricle to lungs. It contains impure blood.
• In the right part of the heart, there remains impure blood i.e. carbon dioxide mixed blood and in the left part of the heart there remains pure blood i.e. oxygen mixed blood.
• The artery carrying blood to the muscles of the heart is called coronary arteries. Any type of hindrance in it causes heart attack.

blood Pressure:

• The force that blood exerts against the wall of blood carrying tube is called blood pressure.
• High in tubes which carry blood to the body parts (systolic pressure).
• Low in tubes which carry blood to the heart (diastolic pressure).
• The average blood pressure is 120-80mm Hg.

 

Heart Attack: It is caused due to sudden decrease in blood  supply to heart which leads to the damage of heart muscles.

• In mouth there are Salivary gland which secrets the Saliva in mouth in which two types of enzymes are found, ptyalin and maltase.
• These enzymes convert the simple sugar and make it digestible.
• Around 1.5 litre of saliva is secreted in human on an average day, it is acidic in nature (pH 6.8)
• As the food reaches in the stomach gastric glands secretes the gastric juice, this is a light yellow acidic acid.
• Hydrochloric acid secreted from the Oxyntic cells of the stomach kills all the bacteria coming with food the; and accelerates the reaction of enzymes.
• Hydrochloric acid makes the food acidic by which ptyalin reaction of the saliva end.

• As the food reaches the duodenum bile juice form the liver combines with it.
• Main function of the bile juice is to convert the acidic food into alkaline, as it is alkaline in nature.
• Pancreatic juice form pancreas combines with food and it contains the following enzymes:

1. Trypsin: It converts the protein and peptone into polypeptides and amino acid.
2. Amylase: It converts the starch into soluble sugar.
3. Lipase: It converts the emulsified fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

The small intestine is a muscular tube with three parts. The duodenum breaks down the food. The jejunum and the ileum absorb nutrients and send them into the bloodstream. The inner lining of the small intestine is folded back and forth to increase surface area for better nutrient absorption. These folds create microscopic finger-like projections that are called villi. The small intestine does its job so well, over 95 percent of ingested carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed.

•  are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.
• All those organs comes under respiratory system which help in exchange of  gases are – Nasal passage, Pharynx, Larynx or Voice box, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs etc.

Nasal passage :

• Nasal passage is a channel for air flow through the nose and its inner wall is lined with mucous membrane.
• Mucous contains innumerable tiny hair like cell that  prevents the particles of sand, bacteria or other small organisms from entering into the body.
• Mucous makes the air wet entering into the body and equalises it with the temperature of the body.

Pharynx:

• Muscular membranous channel connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus; it enables breathing, ingestion of food and speech.

Larynx or Voice box :

• The part of the respiratory system which connects the pharynx with trachea is called Larynx or voice box and it main function is to produce sound.
• At the larynx entrance gate there is a thin blade-like door, which is called epiglottis which ensure that the larynx closes during the food intake so that food cannot enter the respiratory system .

Trachea:

• It enters into the thoracic cavity and divided into two bronchi i.e. right and left.
• Right bronchi enter into the right lungs after being divided into three branches.
•  Left bronchi enter into the left lungs after being divided into only two branches.

Lungs:

• The structure of lung is like sponge and its colour is  red.
•  There are two lungs in the thoracic cavity i.e. right lung and left lung.
•  Each lung is surrounded by a membrane which is called pleural membrane.
• Size of right lung is greater in comparison to left lung.

 Blood is a type of tissue of our body that contains cells, chemicals, and other substances. Now on to the other two questions.

Formed Elements

About 45% of our blood is composed of what we refer to as formed elements. You likely call them blood cells. There are different types of blood cells found in our blood. Let's look at those now.

The first type of blood cells are the erythrocytes, or as they are commonly called, red blood cells or RBCs. These are the most numerous of the three types of blood cells. RBCs have the job of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. There are approximately 4.2 to 6.2 million RBCs per cubic mm of blood at any given point in time.

The next type of blood cell is the leukocyte, also known as white blood cells or WBCs. These are members of our body's defense team since they protect us from invading bacteria and other pathogens. There are anywhere from 5,000 to 9,000 per cubic mm of blood.

Not all leukocytes are the same. There are 5 different WBCs. The majority of our WBCs are neutrophils, making up around 65% of the WBCs. Lymphocytes make up 25% of the WBCs, and monocytes make up about 5%. Small amounts of eosinophils and basophils are also found in the blood, making up 4% and 1%, respectively.

The last of the 3 blood cell types are the thrombocytes, commonly referred to as platelets. These are also the tiniest of the blood cells. Platelets work in the body to help stop the bleeding whenever a blood vessel is damaged. We have 140,000 to 340,000 platelets per cubic mm of blood.

Plasma

The other 55% of our blood is composed of plasma. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. Since this portion is liquid, you probably have figured out that the main component in plasma is water. Water makes up about 90% of the plasma. So, what is in the other 10% of the plasma?

Well, proteins make about 8% of plasma. There are 4 different types of proteins in the plasma. The most abundant of the plasma proteins at 57% are albumins. It is responsible for helping to maintain blood volume. Globulins are another plasma protein. They make up 38% of the proteins in the plasma, and they work with the WBCs. Fibrinogen at 4% and prothrombin at 1% are the final 2 plasma proteins, and they help in the clotting process.

The smallest portion of the blood plasma is made up of an assortment of different solids. These make up the remaining 3% of the plasma. Some solids you'll find in the plasma are ions, or electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium. Various nutrients needed by the body - like glucose, amino acids, and lipids - and waste products from metabolism - like urea, uric acid, and creatinine - are also found in the plasma. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the blood gases which are found in the plasma as well. The last of the solids are hormones. There are a wide assortment of hormones released by various glands in the body that are transported in the plasma of the blood.