Out of 68 percent conventional energy coal is near 60 percent then is gas then oil. Nuclear is 1.8
14 percent by hydro power
16 by renewable which includes solar wind small hydro and biomass gasification.
First time renewable takes over hydro power.
315gw total power of india
Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants which have been chemically altered into further noxious compounds by exposure to sunlight. The main components of photochemical smog are nitrogen oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), tropospheric ozone, and PAN (peroxyacytyl nitrate).
Rammohun Roy was the pioneer of political movement in India. He was the first Indian to focus the attention of the Englishmen on the grievances of India and to ask for remedial measures. The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was formed in 1836 by associates of Rammohun Roy.
Image Source: cdn.vrworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Revolt1.jpg
The Zamindari Association, more popularly known as the “Landholders Society” was founded in 1838 to safeguard the interests of the landlords. It marked the beginning of an organised political activity and use of methods of constitutional agitation for the redressal of grievances.
The Bengal British India Society was founded in 1843 with the object of “the collection and dissemination of information relating to the actual condition of the popel of British India and to employ such other means of peaceful and lawful character as may appear calculated to secure the welfare, extend the just rights and advance the interests of all classes of our fellow subjects”,
In 1851, both the Landholders’ Society and the Bengal British India Society merged into a new one named the British Indian Association. The Indian League was founded by Sisir Kumar Ghose in 1875 with the object of “stimulating the sense of nationalism amongst the people” and of encouraging political education.
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The Indian Association founded by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876 superseded the Indian League. It hoped to attract not only the middle classes but also the masses by keeping low membership fee. Soon the Indian Association became the centre of the leading representatives of the educated community of Bengal. Branches of the association were opened in other towns and cities of Bengal and even outside Bengal.
The Indian Association set before itself the aims of creating strong public opinion in the country on political questions and the unification of the Indian people on a common political programme.
Political Associations in Bombay:
The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded in 1867 by Mahadeo Govind Ranade and others, with the object of serving as a bridge between the Government one the one hand and the people on the other. The Bombay Presidency Association was started by Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T. Telang in 1885.
Political Associations in Madras:
In 1884, the Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded by M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu. The East Indian Association was organised by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866 in London to discuss the Indian question and to influence British public men to promote Indian welfare. Later he organised branches of the Association in prominent Indian cities.
Atmarang panduang with help of keshub chandra sen found the prarthana samaj
Mg ranade was aslo vital memeberaan
Mg ranade also organised another organisation staring with P alphabet ie poona sarvajanik sabha
Mg ranade also found indian national social conference with ranghunath rao. Turned out that national congress did not want to go too heavy on social reform therefore formed this separate wing to do so. Insc part of inc
1. The new, three lane, 9.15 kilometre Dhola-Sadiya bridge has been built over river Lohit, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, and links Dhola in Assamto Sadiya in Arunachal Pradesh.
2. Earlier, the only means to cross the Brahmaputra at this location was by ferry in the daytime, and even this was not possible during floods. The Dhola- Sadiya bridge will ensure 24X7 connectivity between upper Assam and the eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh.
WHY SHOULD WE MEASURE AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER?
The growing awareness of both PM10 and PM2.5 is largely associated with the potential damaging effects they can have on the human body. The World Health Organisation (WHO) believes particles are affecting more people worldwide than any other pollutant. Primary health effects include damage to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Due to the small size of PM10 and PM2.5 particles, they can penetrate the deepest parts of the lungs as well as access the gas exchange regions of the lung via diffusion.
As a result of the damaging health effects from PM10 and PM2.5 the WHO recommend the following exposure limits:
These guidelines can be hard to follow and many authorities do not meet the limits above, for example, the United States and Europe have much higher PM10 exposure thresholds. Governments must weigh up the potential damage to population health with the cost of reducing particulate concentrations. A great first step to understanding the seriousness of the issue is to monitor PM.
It is worth also mentioning larger particles (above 10µm). These sized particles are not usually acknowledged in government health legislation as they can be filtered out in the nose and throat. Instead, they are known as a nuisance rather than a health risk. Total Suspended Particles (TSP) is the term used when referring to larger particles. TSP does not have a specified size limit and therefore covers the full range of particle sizes. It is common for TSP to be measured alongside PM10 and PM2.5, particularly at industrial sites where nuisance dust assessment and monitoring is becoming more frequent.
The Fakir-Sannyasi rebellion or Fakir-Sannyasi revolt (Bengali: সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহ, The monks' rebellion) were the activities of sannyasis and fakirs (Hindu and Muslim ascetics, respectively) in Bengal against the East India Company rule in the late 18th century. It is also known as the Fakir-Sannyasi rebellion (ফকির-সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহ) which took place around Murshidabad and Baikunthupur forests of Jalpaiguri. Historians have not only debated what events constitute the rebellion, but have also varied on the significance of the rebellion in Indian history. While some refer to it as an early war for India's independence from foreign rule, since the right to collect tax had been given to the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764, others categorize it as acts of violent banditry following the depopulation of the province in the Bengal famine of 1770.[1]
Akbar introduced the Dahasala or Zabati system of land revenue collection in 1580-82 to alleviate the problems arising due to fixing prices every year and doing settlements of revenues of previous years. In this system, average produce of ten years was derived. One third of this average produce was fixed in Rupees per Bigha and fixed as share of the state (Mal). Rest two third share was left to the cultivators (Kharaj). The state demand in kind was given in maunds; but for the conversion of the state demand from kind to cash, a separate schedule of cash revenue rates for various crops was fixed, which were called as Dastur-i-amal. Each revenue circle had a separate schedule of dastur-i-amal for various crops. Thus the peasant was required to pay on the basis of local produce as well as local prices. Dahsala System or Zabti System was introduced by Raja Todarmal, the able finance minister of Akbar, who had honed his skills under his first master Shershah Suri. This system prevailed from Lahore to Allahabad and in the provinces of Malwa and Gujarat. This remained a standard system of revenue assessment during the greater part of the Mughal empire. During Shahjahan’s era, it was introduced in the Deccan by Murshid Quli khan.
http://www.gktoday.in/dahasala-system/
Indira Gandhi had exposed the Western efforts to impose environmental colonialism at the Stockholm Conference in 1972 and declared that “poverty is the worst polluter” and demanded that “the polluter must pay”. But she had also conceded that development should be sustainable. India’s Chandrashekhar Dasgupta and U.S.’s Al Gore worked together for the historic agreements in Rio de Janeiro, which led to the signing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) in 1992.
Pistich
‘Critically endangered’ endemic plant species recently rediscovered in the Nilgiris
The incredibly rare Arisaematranslucens, more commonly remembered as the cobra lily, was recently rediscover-ed in the western Nilgiris after 84 years by nature enthusiasts K.M. Prabhu Kumar and Tarun Chhabra. Featuring a distinctive translucent spathe, it was last collected by E. Barnes in 1932 and described by C.E.C Fischer in 1933.
Barely a few hundred cobra lily plants are left in the wild and they can be found only in a small area measuring less than 10 square kilometres in the Nilgiris. News of the discove-ry was published in May 2017 in Phytotaxa, a journal on botanical taxonomy.
“The Toda tribals of the Nilgiris, who know the planet well, have an embroidery motif known as the ‘podwarshk’, which resembles it,” Mr. Chhabra, author of The Toda Landscape, told The Hindu. “If I am not mistaken, this is probably the only member of the Arisaema family to have a translucent spathe, and they are very beautiful.”
Risk of extinction
He added that such was the depth of the indigenous community’s knowledge that they could predict the early arrival of monsoons from the blooming of the cobra lily's ‘translucens’. Prized for their beauty around the world, cobra lilies are at even greater risk of extinction from the commercial trade in exotic plants.
Of the handful cobra lily species found in the Nilgiris, only two are endemic, said Mr. Chhabra, who has called for the protection of the patch of land where the Arisaema translucens were found. Likely to have been quite common once, cobra lilies have vanished in the past decades along with the disappearance of the shola tree patches in which they were found. The rediscovery of the plant highlights the importance of preserving whatever is left of shola tree patches, even inside plantations and tea fields.
Dr. Prabhu Kumar, a senior scientist from Kerala and one of the co-authors of the paper, said that based on its tiny population and distribution, the Arisaema translucens could be considered ‘critically endangered’, and concurred that measures must be put in place immediately for their long-term survival.
India accounts for 20% of global pneumonia deaths under the age of five; Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) to be rolled out in H.P., U.P. and Bihar.
India on Saturday rolled out the long-awaited anti-pneumonia vaccine as part of the government’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). The vaccine will protect children against severe forms of pneumococcal disease, such as pneumonia and meningitis.
The vaccine programme aims to protect nearly 270 lakh newborns against 12 preventable diseases every year.
Universal immunisation
“Our goal is to ensure that no child dies in the country from vaccine preventable diseases. We stand committed to reducing child deaths and providing a healthier future to our children. While these vaccines in the private sector were accessible to only those who could afford them, by making them available under the UIP, the government is ensuring equitable access to those who need them the most, the underprivileged and underserved,” Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda said while launching the vaccine.
Pneumococcal disease is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in children under five years of age globally and in India. India accounts for nearly 20% of global pneumonia deaths in this age group.
The three-dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) will be rolled out in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, six districts of Uttar Pradesh and 17 districts of Bihar as a part of the first phase. The vaccine will give protection against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria which cause pneumonia disease.
Vishakhadatta mudrarakshasa
Bhasha svapnavasadatta
Sudraka little clay cart mrich katika
Kaidasa
Malvikagnimitra.love of makvika agnimitra
Vikramorvasiya love of vikram urvasi
Abhigyana shakauntalam.. recognising shakuntala
Meghduta..cloud messanger
Kumara sambhava..birth of kumar
Raghusambhva..birth of raghu
Ritusambra..medely of 4 season
Varahmihira
Brihat samhita..
Panch siddhantika... book on astrology
Amuktamalyada is an epic poem in Telugu composed by Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagar Dynasty. Amuktamalyada translates to one who wears and gives away garlands
Brahmagupta brahmasupta sidhantika..mentioned zero for the first time
Bhaskaracharya...siddhant siromini having arithmetic algebra sphere nd astrology
Charka samhita on herbs and plants
Susrut samhita on surgery and obsetrics
Budhyana sulvasutra
Badryana brahmasutra
Vatsyana kamasutra
The government will shift Rs500-crore Price Stabalisation Fund (PSF) to consumer affairs ministry from agriculture ministry for effective control of price rise in essential commodities and provide relief to the consumers.
Last year, PSF was created with a corpus of Rs500 crore under the agriculture ministry. The fund was to be used to support market interventions for managing prices of perishable agri-horticultural commodities by procuring directly from farmers and later supplying at reasonable rates to consumers.
“The purpose of PSF was to provide relief to consumers from price rise. So far, the fund has been used mostly with an aim to provide relief to farmers, who otherwise are covered under the minimum support price system.
Hence, PSF is being shifted,” according to sources. An in-principle approval has already been given to move this fund to the consumer affairs ministry, which faced difficulty in handling the pulses price issue last year in the absence of direct say in using the fund for timely market interventions, sources said.
Even food and consumer affairs minister Ram Vilas Paswan had raised this issue when retail pulses prices had shot up to Rs200 per kg in most retail markets last year.
In the 2015-16 fiscal, the fund was being used for import of pulses as well as creation of buffer stock of lentils as the prices of these commodities were continuing to rule high. It was also used to buy onion and potatoes to boost local supply and check rates.
So far, 20,000 tonnes of pulses has been procured from farmers from 2015 kharif crops. Tenders have been floated to buy more pulses from overseas market.
Astronomers have created the first map of the large-scale structure of the universe based entirely on the positions of quasars. Quasars are the incredibly bright and distant points of light powered by super-massive black holes. “Because quasars are so bright, we can see them all the way across the universe,” said Ashley Ross of the Ohio State University in the US.
CBEC's IT systems need to integrate with the Goods & Services Tax Network (GSTN) for processing of registration, payment and returns data sent by GSTN systems to CBEC, as well as act as a front-end for other modules like Audit, Appeal, Investigation. There is no overlap in the GST-related systems of CBEC and GSTN. This IT infrastructure is also urgently required for continuation of CBEC's e-Services in Customs, Central Excise & Service Tax, implementation of tax¬payer services such as scanned document upload facility, extension of Indian Customs Single Window Interface for Facilitating Trade (SWIFT) initiative and integration with Government initiatives such as E-Nivesh, E-Taal, e- - See more at: http://www.drishtiias.com/upsc-exam-gs-resources-Project-Saksham#sthash.lOgpJpsr.dpuf
With a little more than a week before Finance Minister Arun Jaitley presents the Budget, the N.K. Singh panel submitted its report on revising the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act to Mr. Jaitley.
Government today constituted a Committee headed by Dr. Shankar Acharya (former Chief Economic Adviser) to examine the desirability and feasibility of having ‘a new financial year’; The Committee to submit its Report by 31st December, 2016.
Ratan watal committee ..payment regulatory board
The Ministry of Railways had appointed a High Level Safety Review Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Anil Kakodkar to review the safety of the Indian Railways and recommend improvements. The Committee recently presented its report. The Committee recommends a total financial investment of Rs 1,00,000 crore over a five year period.
Lhb instead of icf
Anupam verma committee to look into banned fertiliser across the world
Justice esawar.. direct tax reform
Global burden of disease by lancet
World Happiness report by un sustainable development network
Edwin Samuel Montagu served as Secretary of State for India between 1917 and 1922. On 20 August 1917, he made a historic declaration in the House of Commons defining the goal of British policies in India. In the previous month, he had made a scathing attack on the whole system by which India was being administered in a debate in British House of Commons. It is also known as August Declaration of 1917
Contents
Title of Montague DeclarationReaction of IndiansThe Duke MemorandumCommittee under Montague Chelmsford
Title of Montague Declaration
The Montague declaration is titled:
“Increasing association of Indians in every branch of administration, and the Gradual development of self governing Institutions with a view to the progressive realization of responsible governments in India as an Integral part of the British Empire”.
The Keyword was Responsible Government; the rulers must be answerable to the elected representatives. In November 1917, Montagu visited India to ascertain the views from all sections of political opinion from India. He discussed with Gandhi, with Jinnah and others. On the basis of the above discussions, a detailed report on Indian Constitutional Reforms was prepared. This report was published in July 1918. This report became the basis of Government of India Act 1919. Montague declaration, again after a gap of more than half a century of Queen Victoria’s proclamation 1858, was called the “Magna Carta of India“.
Reaction of Indians
The nationalists criticized it, as it lacked their legitimate expectations. The declaration was criticized in the December 1917 Calcutta session, in which Annie Besant as president – pleaded for establishment of Self Government in India. Tilak characterized the Montague reforms as “unworthy and disappointing- a sunless dawn“. Mrs. Besant said that it was something “unworthy of England to offer and India to accept“.
But the moderates led by Surendranath Banerjee supported the Montague declaration in November 1918 in a separate conference. Thus Congress again got split. The extremist remnants crated another front All India Liberal Federation, which soon disappeared from the scene.
The Duke Memorandum
Garuda shakti...its g not v as indonesia os closer to india than France.
CORPAT.. coordinated patrol again india indonesia
Like stocks, after issuance in the primary market, bonds are tradedbetween investors in the secondarymarket. However, unlike stocks, mostbonds are not traded in the secondarymarket via exchanges. Rather, bondsare traded over the counter (OTC)
Dioxins are a group of chemically-related compounds that are persistent environmental pollutants (POPs).Dioxins are found throughout the world in the environment and they accumulate in the food chain, mainly in the fatty tissue of animals.More than 90% of human exposure is through food, mainly meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish. Many national authorities have programmes in place to monitor the food supply.Dioxins are highly toxic and can cause reproductive and developmental problems, damage the immune system, interfere with hormones and also cause cancer.Due to the omnipresence of dioxins, all people have background exposure, which is not expected to affect human health. However, due to the highly toxic potential, efforts need to be undertaken to reduce current background exposure.Prevention or reduction of human exposure is best done via source-directed measures, i.e. strict control of industrial processes to reduce formation of dioxins.Background
Dioxins are environmental pollutants. They belong to the so-called “dirty dozen” - a group of dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Dioxins are of concern because of their highly toxic potential. Experiments have shown they affect a number of organs and systems.
Once dioxins enter the body, they last a long time because of their chemical stability and their ability to be absorbed by fat tissue, where they are then stored in the body. Their half-life in the body is estimated to be 7 to 11 years. In the environment, dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain. The higher an animal is in the food chain, the higher the concentration of dioxins.
The chemical name for dioxin is: 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin (TCDD). The name "dioxins" is often used for the family of structurally and chemically related polychlorinated dibenzo para dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Certain dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with similar toxic properties are also included under the term “dioxins”. Some 419 types of dioxin-related compounds have been identified but only about 30 of these are considered to have significant toxicity, with TCDD being the most toxic.
Sources of dioxin contamination
Dioxins are mainly by-products of industrial processes but can also result from natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires. Dioxins are unwanted by-products of a wide range of manufacturing processes including smelting, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp and the manufacturing of some herbicides and pesticides. In terms of dioxin release into the environment, uncontrolled waste incinerators (solid waste and hospital waste) are often the worst culprits, due to incomplete burning. Technology is available that allows for controlled waste incineration with low dioxin emissions.
Although formation of dioxins is local, environmental distribution is global. Dioxins are found throughout the world in the environment. The highest levels of these compounds are found in some soils, sediments and food, especially dairy products, meat, fish and shellfish. Very low levels are found in plants, water and air.
Extensive stores of PCB-based waste industrial oils, many with high levels of PCDFs, exist throughout the world. Long-term storage and improper disposal of this material may result in dioxin release into the environment and the contamination of human and animal food supplies. PCB-based waste is not easily disposed of without contamination of the environment and human populations. Such material needs to be treated as hazardous waste and is best destroyed by high temperature incineration in specialised facilities.
Dioxin contamination incidents
Many countries monitor their food supply for dioxins. This has led to early detection of contamination and has often prevented impact on a larger scale. In many instances dioxin contamination is introduced via contaminated animal feed, e.g. incidences of increased dioxin levels in milk or animal feed were traced back to clay, fat or citrus pulp pellets used in the production of the animal feed,
Some dioxin contamination events have been more significant, with broader implications in many countries.
In late 2008, Ireland recalled many tons of pork meat and pork products when up to 200 times the safe limit of dioxins were detected in samples of pork. This led to one of the largest food recalls related to a chemical contamination. Risk assessments performed by Ireland indicated no public health concern. The contamination was traced back to contaminated feed.
In 1999, high levels of dioxins were found in poultry and eggs from Belgium. Subsequently, dioxin-contaminated animal-based food (poultry, eggs, pork) were detected in several other countries. The cause was traced to animal feed contaminated with illegally disposed PCB-based waste industrial oil.
Large amounts of dioxins were released in a serious accident at a chemical factory in Seveso, Italy, in 1976. A cloud of toxic chemicals, including TCDD, was released into the air and eventually contaminated an area of 15 square kilometres where 37 000 people lived.
Extensive studies in the affected population are continuing to determine the long-term human health effects from this incident.
TCDD has also been extensively studied for health effects linked to its presence as a contaminant in some batches of the herbicide Agent Orange, which was used as a defoliant during the Vietnam War. A link to certain types of cancers and also to diabetes is still being investigated.
Although all countries can be affected, most contamination cases have been reported in industrialized countries where adequate food contamination monitoring, greater awareness of the hazard and better regulatory controls are available for the detection of dioxin problems.
A few cases of intentional human poisoning have also been reported. The most notable incident is the 2004 case of Viktor Yushchenko, President of the Ukraine, whose face was disfigured by chloracne.
Effects of dioxins on human health
Short-term exposure of humans to high levels of dioxins may result in skin lesions, such as chloracne and patchy darkening of the skin, and altered liver function. Long-term exposure is linked to impairment of the immune system, the developing nervous system, the endocrine system and reproductive functions.
Chronic exposure of animals to dioxins has resulted in several types of cancer. TCDD was evaluated by the WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1997 and 2012. Based on animal data and on human epidemiology data, TCDD was classified by IARC as a "known human carcinogen”. However, TCDD does not affect genetic material and there is a level of exposure below which cancer risk would be negligible.
Due to the omnipresence of dioxins, all people have background exposure and a certain level of dioxins in the body, leading to the so-called body burden. Current normal background exposure is not expected to affect human health on average. However, due to the high toxic potential of this class of compounds, efforts need to be undertaken to reduce current background exposure.
Sensitive groups
The developing fetus is most sensitive to dioxin exposure. Newborn, with rapidly developing organ systems, may also be more vulnerable to certain effects. Some people or groups of people may be exposed to higher levels of dioxins because of their diet (such as high consumers of fish in certain parts of the world) or their occupation (such as workers in the pulp and paper industry, in incineration plants, and at hazardous waste sites).
Prevention and control of dioxin exposure
Proper incineration of contaminated material is the best available method of preventing and controlling exposure to dioxins. It can also destroy PCB-based waste oils. The incineration process requires high temperatures, over 850°C. For the destruction of large amounts of contaminated material, even higher temperatures - 1000°C or more - are required.
Prevention or reduction of human exposure is best done via source-directed measures, i.e. strict control of industrial processes to reduce formation of dioxins as much as possible. This is the responsibility of national governments. The Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted a Code of Practice for Source Directed Measures to Reduce Contamination of Foods with Chemicals (CAC/RCP 49-2001) in 2001. Later in 2006 a Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Dioxin and Dioxin-like PCB Contamination in Food and Feeds (CAC/RCP 62-2006) was adopted.
More than 90% of human exposure to dioxins is through the food supply, mainly meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish. Therefore, protecting the food supply is critical. In addition to source-directed measures to reduce dioxin emissions, secondary contamination of the food supply needs to be avoided throughout the food chain. Good controls and practices during primary production, processing, distribution and sale are all essential in the production of safe food.
As indicated through the examples listed above, contaminated animal feed is often the root-cause of food contamination.
Food and feed contamination monitoring systems must be in place to ensure that tolerance levels are not exceeded. It is the responsibility of feed and food producers to assure safe raw materials and safe processes during production, and it is the role of national governments to monitor the safety of food supply and to take action to protect public health. When contamination is suspected, countries should have contingency plans to identify, detain and dispose of contaminated feed and food. The affected population should be examined in terms of exposure (for example, measuring the contaminants in blood or human milk) and effects (for example, clinical surveillance to detect signs of ill health).
What should consumers do to reduce their risk of exposure?
Trimming fat from meat and consuming low fat dairy products may decrease the exposure to dioxin compounds. Also, a balanced diet (including adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables and cereals) will help to avoid excessive exposure from a single source. This is a long-term strategy to reduce body burdens and is probably most relevant for girls and young women to reduce exposure of the developing fetus and when breastfeeding infants later on in life. However, the possibility for consumers to reduce their own exposure is somewhat limited.
What does it take to identify and measure dioxins in the environment and food?
The quantitative chemical analysis of dioxins requires sophisticated methods that are available only in a limited number of laboratories around the world. The analysis costs are very high and vary according to the type of sample, but range from over US$ 1000 for the analysis of a single biological sample to several thousand US dollars for the comprehensive assessment of release from a waste incinerator.
Increasingly, biological (cell- or antibody) -based screening methods are being developed, and theuse of such methods for food and feed samples is increasingly being validated. Such screeni
enacing spread, starting last Friday, of the malicious software WannaCry, which has since infected thousands of computer systems in 150 countries, is a frightening reminder of the vulnerabilities of a connected world. The cyber-attackers who unleashed it, as yet unknown, have essentially used chinks in Microsoft’s outdated software to remotely gain access to computers of unsuspecting users so as to lock them out of their files. These attacks have been in the nature of what are called ‘ransomware,’ wherein attackers demand a ransom (usually in Bitcoins, which are tougher to trace than regular currency) to decrypt the files they have force-encrypted. Cyber risk modelling firm Cyence estimates the economic damage to be $4 billion, a figure that may not seem daunting for a global-scale disruption such as this one. But its spread has exposed the lack of preparedness among government and private institutions. The list of unsuspecting users who fell prey to the malware includes the U.K.’s National Health Service, German transport company Deutsche Bahn, courier delivery services company FedEx and carmaker Renault. Only some weeks earlier Microsoft had made available a patch to remove the chinks, something that raises doubts over whether even large institutions are complacent on cyber risks. That governments across the world went on alert after the outbreak of the global ‘epidemic’ is some consolation. So is the fact that Indian institutions have been largely unscathed by the malware until now. Things, however, could have been worse had a British researcher not registered a domain name hidden in the malware, thereby accidentally stopping its spread as also its momentum.
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Here are some simple steps suggested by cyber-security firm Symantec to escape a ransomware attackAlways keep your security software up to date as new
INTERNET DESK
While the state of preparedness is a cause for worry, the likely origin of WannaCry forces stakeholders to revisit a long-standing and uneasy question regarding the actions of governments. WannaCry has its origins in a tool developed by the National Security Agency in the U.S. that was dumped online by a group called the Shadow Brokers. A few days after the malware started spreading, Brad Smith, President and Chief Legal Officer of Microsoft, wrote on his blog that governments should treat it as “a wake-up call” and “consider the damage to civilians that comes from hoarding these vulnerabilities.” His point to governments is this: report vulnerabilities to vendors rather than exploit them. The U.S. assesses the balance between cybersecurity and national interest through what is called the Vulnerabilities Equities Process, wherein a review board makes a final decision on whether a ‘vulnerability’ needs to be reported or retained. President Donald Trump’s views on this process are not clear. Cyberthreats are only likely to grow, and the world needs to push for global rules on such issues. It is more than obvious now that cyber vulnerabilities have massive global implications.
India Innovation Index, which will be jointly developed by NITI Aayog, DIPP and CII, in consultation with World Economic Forum, the World Intellectual Property Organization, Cornell University, OECD, UNIDO, ILO, UNESCO, ITU and others with the objective to rank Indian states as per their innovation prowess and provide impetus to them to build their respective innovation ecosystems and spur the innovation spirit among institutions and people.
The Global Innovation Index (GII), co-published by World-Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Cornell University and INSEAD with CII as a Knowledge Partner since inception, has been ranking world economies including India since 2007 according to their innovation capabilities and outcomes using 82 indicators among a host of other important parameters. It has established itself as both a leading reference on innovation and a ‘tool for action’ for policy makers.
India currently ranks 66th out of 128 countries on the Global innovation Index (GII) 2016. To improve India’s rank in GII and other international indices, NITI Aayog jointly with Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), organized the Global Innovation Index – India Roundtable on 31st January in the capital.
1.William jones and robert chambers ... asiatic society of bengal 1784
2. Charles wilkins 1785 translation of geeta
3. William jones translated abhijanasakuntalam
6. William jones also the hyperpolyglot who saw the link between indian and European languages eg latin greek and sankrit..
4. James princep deciphered kharosti and brahmi script
5. Alexander cunninghum a gr8 indologist became first director of ASI created by lord canning..helped in excavation of sarnath etc
The Mahameghavahana dynasty (250s BC – 400s AD) was an ancient ruling dynasty of Kalinga after the decline of the Mauryan Empire.
Kharavela (193 BCE–170 BCE):
Kharavela (193 BCE–170 BCE) was the third and greatest emperor of the Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kaḷinga (present-day Odisha).The main source of information about Kharaveḷa is his famous seventeen line rock-cut Hatigumpha inscription in a cave in the Udayagiri hills near Bhubaneswar, Odisha. According to the inscription, Kharavela belonged to the Chedi clan.During the reign of Kharavela, the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka.Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Kharavela. Kharavela led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu) and made Kaḷinga a gigantic empire.He is credited to have broken the Tamil confederacy in the south, uprooted the western powers and probably defeated an Indo-Greek king. After his victory, the first Sunga emperor of Magadha, Pushyamitra Sunga accepted the suzerainty of Kharavela and became a vassal of Kalinga. Pushyamitra also returned the Jina statue of Mahaveera to Kalinga.Within a short span of ten years (form his 2nd to 12th regnal years) Kharavela could achieve a series of brilliant victories extending his suzerainty from the North-Western part of India to the farthest extend in the South.
Although religiously tolerant, Kharaveḷa patronized Jainism.Under Kharavela‘s generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java).He seems to have abandoned his throne in the 13th year of his reign, and was succeeded by his son Kudepasiri (he is mentioned in few minor inscriptions).
Hathigumpha Inscription:
The Hathigumpha Inscription (“Elephant Cave” inscription), from Udayagiri, was inscribed by Kharavela during 2nd century BCE.
Hathigumpha on Udayagiri Hills, Bhubaneswar
Hathigumpha Inscription consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters, on a natural cavern called Hathigumpha in the southern side of the Udayagiri hill, near Bhubaneswar. It faces straight towards the Rock Edicts of Ashoka at Dhauli, situated at a distance of about six miles. In the former hill we find the inscription of the victory of Magadha and in the latter that of the victory of Kalinga.The inscription is dated 165th year of the era of the Maurya kings, and 13th year of Kharavela’s reign, which, considering the coronation of Chandragupta in 321 BCE as the probable start of the era, makes a date of 157 BCE for the inscription, a date of 170 BCE for Kharavela’s accession.
Salient Features of Hathigumpha Inscription:
The Hathigumpha inscription starts with a version of the auspicious Jain Namokar Mantra.Kharavela refers to irrigation canals built by the Nandas and takes a pride in his own efforts in this direction. Besides references to conquests, he lays claim to spending vast sums on the welfare of his subjects.The Hathigumpha Inscription mentions that:In the very first year of his coronation, His Majesty caused to be repaired the gate, rampart and structures of the fort of Kalinga Nagari, which had been damaged by storm, and caused to be built flight of steps for the cool tanks and laid all gardens at the cost of thirty five hundred thousand (coins) and thus pleased all his subjects.In the second year, without caring for Satakarni, His Majesty sent to the west a large army consisting of horse, elephant, infantry and chariot, and struck terror to Asikanagara with that troop that marched up to the river Kanhavemna.Then in the fourth year, The Rathika and Bhojaka chiefs with their crown cast off, their umbrella and royal insignia thrown aside, and their Jewelry and wealth confiscated, were, made to pay obeisance at the feet of His Majesty.And in the fifth year, His Majesty caused the aqueducts that had been excavated by king Nanda three hundred years before, to flow into Kalinga Nagri through Tanasuli.And in the seventh year of his reign the Queen of Vajiraghara, blessed with a son attained motherhood.In the 8th year, His Majesty attacked Rajagriha in Magadha and forced rival king (described as “Yavana-raja”) to retreat to Mathura.In the 12th year of his reign, he attacked the king of Uttarapatha. Then brought back the holy idols of Kalinga’s Jain Gods (The Blessed Tirthankars) which earlier Magadha rulers had carried away with them after Kalinga War in Past. Tirthankar’s idol was brought back with its crown and endowment and the jewels plundered by king Nanda from the Kalinga royal palace, along with the treasures of Anga and Magadha were regained.His Majesty then attacks the kingdom of Magadha, and in Pataliputra, the capital of the Sunga, makes king “Bahasatimita” (thought to be the Sunga King Brhaspatimitra, or Pushyamitra himself) bow at his feet.The inscription states that the Emperor Kharavela had a liberal religious spirit. Kharavela describes himself as: The worshiper of all religious orders, the restorer of shrines of all gods.There is also no direct evidence in Hathigumpha inscription to show that Kharavela belongs to Cedi Dynasty. The only meaning conveyed by this expression is that Kharavela was the son of Cetaraja.
On 1 August 1920, Non-Cooperation Movement was announced formally. This was a bereaved day when early in the morning, the news of death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak arrived. Gandhi and a crowd of around 2 Lakh people paid its respect to this “Maker of Modern India”, The Movement started with strikes and processions all over India.
On 4 September 1920, Congress met at Calcutta in a special session. This special session was presided by Lala Lajpat Rai. In this session Gandhi wrongly projected that if the Non-cooperation movement gets successful, Swaraj could be attained in One year. This was something immediately repudiated by CR Das.
In December 1920, Congress met once again in the Nagpur Session. This time the differences of CR das had melted away. He moved the main resolution of Non-cooperation. A programme of surrender of titles, the boycott of schools, courts and councils, the boycott of foreign goods, the promotion maintenance of a Hindu-Muslim unity and strict non-violence was adopted. Nagpur Session 1920 At the Nagpur session in December 1920, some crucial changes were made in the organization of the Congress, so that it becomes a real political party. These changes were actually mooted by Gandhi, but they confused Jinnah and Jinnah left the party, a beginning of the division that later would make him Qaide-i-azam of Pakistan.
Contents
Important Changes in CongressThe Spread of Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-21Volunteer CorpsMajor Events of Non-Cooperation MovementOutcome of Non-cooperation movementNegative OutcomesPositive Outcomes
Important Changes in Congress
Earlier the object of the Congress was to attain self Government by constitutional and legal means. The new aim of congress was attainment of Swaraj by legitimate and peaceful means. Here, was confusion. Jinnah and Madan Mohan Malviya were confused whether this object of Swaraj is to make any connection with the British Empire or any other way out.
Jinnah was still not convinced because the objective was still not clear. Thus Jinnah said adieu to the Congress and left it after his association for 15 years with the party.A 4 anna membership was launched so that more and more poor people could join the CongressA hierarchy of village, taluka and district level committees was to be created so that Congress reaches to the Grassroots.Reorganization of the Provincial Congress Committees so that now they would be organized on linguistic basis. The idea was to bring it close to the masses by using the vernacular languages.
The numbers of delegates were to be fixed in proportion to the population.
The above changes in Nagpur session paid the party dividends when it walked away with independence in 1947 and elections were held later on. Congress is still the largest political party in the country, though, now it is not of the same character and value
The Spread of Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-21
The Noncooperation movement was the first nationwide mass movement. The year 1921-22 witnessed an unprecedented movement in the nation’s history, when there was a widespread unrest among students. Here are some important points related to its spread in all over India:
A nationwide tour was taken up by Mahatma Gandhi and Ali Brothers of Khilafat movement C R Das. Moti Lal Nehru, M.R Jayakar. Saifuddin Kitchlew (Punjab), Vallabhai Patel, C.Rajagopalachari. T. Prakasam and Asaf Ali left their legal practice and jumped in the full-fledged politics of congress. Thousands of students left government schools and colleges and joined the movement. Maulana Mehrnud Hasan, laid the foundation stone of Jamia Millia lslamia at Aligarh on Friday, October 29, 1920, during the meeting of the Foundation Committee of Jamia Millia lslamia.
Bihar Vidyapeeth came into existence. The leaders of Indian movement started teaching in the pure Indian educational institutions. In some provinces such as Bengal and Punjab, there was a complete boycott of education by the Firangies.The shops which sold foreign clothes were picketed. Khadi and Charkha became the symbol of national movement.In Bengal, Someshwar Prasad Chaudhary led the peasants in a anti-indigo cultivation.The Tana-Bhagat sect of Bihar boycotted the liquor.In Punjab , Akali Movement that was originally for reforms in the Gurudwaras got linked with the noncooperation movement.
On 13 December 1920 after the formation of Shiromani Curudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC), to secure Sikh Gurdwaras from corrupt priests, Akali Dal was formed. The prominent founders were Kartar Singh Jabbar, Master Tara Singh, Baba Kharak Singh.
Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee provided a focal point for the movement for the reformation of Sikh religious places. The Committee began to take over management of gurdwaras one by one, and were resisted by incumbent mahants of Udasi sect. The movement was weak in the Presidency of Bombay, where, the people were mourning on the demise of Tiiak. The Gandhi magic did not work there. In Andhra Pradesh, Alluri Sitaram Raju organized the tribals and linked with the Noncooperation movement. In March 1921, there was a Congress session at Vijayawada, in which the congress rookies were directed to collect funds, enroll more and more members and distribute charkhas. On July 21, 1921, All India Khilafat Conference was called in Karachi. Here, Maulana Mohammad Ali initiated a resolution that no Muslim should serve in the British Indian army. So, the Ali brothers were arrested for sedition. But, later congress also passed similar resolution and the Government had to ignore the whole episode. In Midnapore of Bengal, a movement was led by Birendranath Sasmal against the union board of taxes. People in various parts of the country happily joined the No-tax to Government movement. It was successful in the Andhra region.
Volunteer Corps
In November 1921, the Prince of Wales arrived in India. He was welcomed with strike in Bombay. The cup of Congress was full when the volunteers created a parallel unofficial police force, which was called Volunteer Corps. In December 1921. the Government declared this corps illegal and banned all the public meetings, assemblies and all kinds of noise.
The government took actions by declaring the activities of Congress and the Khilafat volunteers illegal. By December 1921 all main leaders of the movement were arrested and lodged in jails. The newspapers offices were raided.
The Congress wanted to start mass civil disobedience movement. A letter was written by Gandhi to Viceroy Lord Reading to lift a ban on the civil liberties and release the political prisoners. The viceroy did not try to oblige. So, with this Gandhi announced that mass Civil Disobedience would begin from the Bardoli in Surat of the Bombay Presidency, the place where later, a Satyagraha would be launched in 1928.
Factbox: Dar-al-Harb
In November 1920 the Muslim theologians had issued a joint pronouncement wherein, India was declared Dar-al-Harb (House of war). This pronouncement issued two options for the Muslims:
Wage a Holy war against the infidelsHijrat (migration)
Some 20 thousand Muslims adopted the second option and left India to Afghanistan. The Emir of Kabul refused to accept these people and this there was a chaos and misery among these poor Muslims.
Major Events of Non-Cooperation Movement
The visit of the Prince of Wales in November 1921 was marked with demonstrations, hartals and political meetings marred by scenes of mob violence and Police atrocities in Bombay. It was in December 1921, when some leaders such as Madan Mohan Malviya and Mohammad Ali Jinnah interceded with the viceroy to find some solutions to the deteriorating situation. The Viceroy agreed for a Round Table Conference but here, Gandhi demanded to release all the prisoners associated with the Khilafat Movement as a precondition. The Viceroy refused it.
In 1921, at the Allahabad Session of the Indian National Congress, it was decided to launch Non-cooperation movement at both individual and Mass levels. An appeal was made to all men over the age of 18 to join the Volunteer Corps. At this Allahabad Session, Gandhi was declared as sole of this movement. In February 1922, Gandhi wrote to the viceroy and said that he had the intention to launch the movement in Bardoli in Gujarat, if the government fails to solve the Khilafat question and Punjab issue.
Outcome of Non-cooperation movement
The most significant impact of the NCM was that it brought Gandhi on the front seat of National Politics in India. He was regarded as a logical heir of Balgangadhar Tilak. There was a mass imprisonment and the sense of terror of the jails was removed and “going to jail” became a badge of honor.
Negative OutcomesGandhi’s decision had given a sudden jolt to the Congress. The reasons for which it was started were the Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy, Swaraj, problems of Khilafat volunteers etc. But none of them got a remedy. Gandhi’s idea of Swaraj in one year proved to be a bubble.The boycott of the educational institutions was not accepted by many of the leaders such as Lala Lajpat Rai. Some leaders did not like they way it was started, many other did not like the way it was conducted and most of them could digest the sudden withdrawal.There shock was for the people of Punjab who were waiting some wonders to happen that would punish the guilty of the Jallianwala massacre. Nothing happened and the revolutionary activities in Punjab again got a setback in Punjab. Some new outfits were born parallel to congress, because Congress was left without any political programme.Positive OutcomesCongress became the party of common man. Now it was with widespread support of the average peasants, workers and the intellectuals.Charkha and Khadi became symbol of Indian Nationalism.Gandhi was able to see the real picture of India. He realized that the real power of India lies in the rural areas and not in urban area.There was a need for general awakening the masses to their political rights and privileges, and further there was a total loss of faith in the system of government. People could realize that it was only through their own efforts that India could hope to be free.It revealed that the congress was the only organization while could properly direct national effort to gain freedom. The movement also revealed that communal problem is going to be a big problem and this problem of communalism is absolutely state sponsored.
P.S. was my only crime
And that was lahore declaration 1929
I know she didnt budge
So let history rhyme and free to gait
Nehru report 1928
Constitution of Panchayats.- (1) There shall be constituted in
every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district
levels in accordance with the provisions of this Part.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), Panchayats at the in-
termediate level may not be constituted in a State having a population
not exceeding twenty lakhs
Audit of accounts of Panchayats.- The Legislature of a State
may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of
accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.
Election Commissioner shall be such as the Governor may by rule de-
termine:
Provided that the State Election Commissioner shall not be removed
from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a
Judge of a High Court and the conditions of service of the State Elec-
tion Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his
appointment.
(3) The Governor of a State shall, when so requested by the State
Election Commission, make available to the State Election Commission
such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of the functions con-
ferred on the State Election Commission by clause (1
Application to Union territories.-The provisions of this Part
shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application
to a Union territory, have effect as if the references to the Governor
of a State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory
appointed under article 239 and references to the Legislature or the
Legislative Assembly of a State were references, in relation to a
Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, to that Legislative
Assembly:
Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.-The
Legislature of a State may, by law,-
(a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes,
duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject
to such limits;
(b) assign to a Panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied
and collected by the State Government for such purposes and subject to
such conditions and limits;
(c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the
Consolidated Fund of the State; and
(d) provide for Constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys
received, respectively, by or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for
the withdrawal of such moneys therefrom,
as may be specified in the law.
) The reservation of seats under clauses (1) and (2) and the
reservation of offices of Chairpersons (other than the reservation for
women) under clause (4) shall cease to have effect on the expiration
of the period specified in article 334.
Nothing in this Part shall prevent the Legislature of a State from
making any provision for reservation of seats in any Panchayat or
offices of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at any level in favour of
backward class of citizens.
The offices of the Chairpersons in the Panchayats at the village
or any other level shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes, the
Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the Legislature of a
State may, by law, provide:
Provided that the number of offices of Chairpersons reserved for the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Panchayats at each
level in any State shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same
proportion to the total number of such offices in the Panchayats at
each level as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the State or
of the Scheduled Tribes in the State bears to the total population of
the State:
Provided further that not less than one-third of the total number of
offices of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at each level shall be
reserved for women:
Provided also that the number of offices reserved under this clause
shall be allotted by rotation to different Panchayats at each level.
The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the re-
presentation-
(a) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the village level, in the
Panchayats at the intermediate level or, in the case of a State not
having Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Pancayats at the
district level;
(b) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the intermediate level,
in the Panchayats at the district level;
(c) of the members of the House of the People and the members of the
Legislative Assembly of the State representing constituencies which
comprise wholly or partly a Panchayat area at a level other than the
village level, in such Panchayat;
(d) of the members of the Council of States and the members of the
Legislative Council of the State, where they are registered as
electors within-
(i) a Panchayat area at the intermediate level, in Panchayat at the
intermediate level;
(ii) a Panchayat area at the district level, in Panchayat at the
district level.
(4) The Chairperson of a Panchayat and other members of a Panchayat
whether or not chosen by direct election from territorial
constituencies in the Panchayat area shall have the right to vote in
the meetings of the Panchayats.
(5) The Chairperson of -
(a) a Panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner
as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide; and
(b) a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level shall be
elected by, and from amongst, the elected members thereof.
Manipur’s iconic Loktak Lake, the Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), to see a rare deer.
The Keibul Lamjao, the only floating national park in the world, is home to the last of the brow-antlered deer (Rucervus eldii eldii), one of the most endangered deer in the world. It’s not certain how many survive in the 40 sq. km KLNP. A head count in April last year put the number at 204. This year, according to the park’s field director, there haven’t been enough funds for a proper count. The Wildlife Institute of India believes the figure could be much less. In 2006, 2007 and 2008, it estimated the deer population at 90, 88 and 92, respectively.
The brow-antlered deer, or sangai, is the state animal. The word is ubiquitous—it can be found on shop signage, cafés, clubs, a regional daily newspaper, even at an annual tourism festival. “The sangai is an integral part of the sociocultural and economic life of the Manipuri people but ironically, the deer is not protected,” says Dinabandhu Sahoo, director, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), department of biotechnology, Imphal.
The animal is, in fact, in danger of losing its home—most of the phumdis, or floating swamps, are unable to sustain its weight. A barrage has changed the hydrology of the lake area; the vegetation is changing and choking its food supply. Farming is eating into its space.
“Today, the sangai survives in a unique habitat within Manipur. Survival of the phumdi is extremely important for the long-term survival of the sangai, and a second home for this deer needs to be established in the state,” says Ravi Singh, secretary general and CEO, WWF-India.
In the past year, two national- level consultative meetings and workshops have been organized to discuss conservation and sustainable management of this species, little known perhaps to people outside the region.
The first, in August, was
This temple carved entirely out of white marble was built in 1031 A.D. by Vimal Shah, a minister of Bhima I, the Chaulukya king of Gujarat. The temple is dedicated to Lord Rishabha.[3] The temple stands in an open courtyard surrounded by a corridor, which has nume
The Dilwara temples of India are located about 2½ kilometres from Mount Abu, Rajasthan's only hill station. These Jain temples were built by Vastapul Tejpal, a Jain laymen[1] between the 11th and 13th centuries AD and are world-famous for their stunning use of marble. The five legendary marble temples of Dilwara are a sacred pilgrimage place of the Jains
First Buddhist Council: 400 BCHeld soon after the mahaparinirvana of the Buddha, around 400 BC under the patronage of king Ajatshatru with the monk Mahakasyapa presiding, at Rajgriha, in the Sattapani Cave.The idea was to preserve Buddha’s teachings (Sutta) and rules for disciples (Vinaya). Ananda, one of the great disciples of Buddha recited Suttas and Upali, another disciple recited Vinaya. Abhidhamma Pitaka was also included.Second Buddhist Council : 383 BCIt was held in 383 BC. This idea of this council was to settle a dispute on Vinaya Pitaka, the code of discipline. The dispute was on 10 Points such as storing salt in horn, eating after midday, eating once and going to villages for alms, eating sour milk after one’s meal etc. It was not settles and Buddhism sects appeared for the first time. The subgroups were Sthaviravada, Mahasanghika and Sarvastivada. It was held at Vaishali under the patronage of King Kalasoka and the presidency of Sabakami.Sthaviravada followed the teachings of the elders and Mahasanghika became extinct later. Sthaviravada later continued till 3rd Buddhist council.Third Buddhist Council: 250 BCThird Buddhist council was held in 250 BC at Pataliputra under the patronage of King Asoka and under the presidency of Moggaliputta Tissa.The teachings of Buddha which were under two baskets were now classified in 3 baskets as Abhidhamma Pitaka was established in this council, and they were known as “Tripitaka”. It also tried to settle all the disputes of Vinaya Pitaka.Fourth Buddhist Council: 72ADThe Fourth Buddhist Council was held at Kundalvana, Kashmir in 72 AD under the patronage of Kushan king Kanishka and the president of this council was Vasumitra, with Aśvaghosa as his deputy. This council distinctly divided the Buddhism into 2 sects Mahayan & Hinayan.
It was the capital city of the Vajjian Confederacy of Mithila (Vrijji mahajanapada), considered one of the first examples of a republic around the 6th century BCE. It was here in 599 BCE the 24th Jain Tirthankara, Bhagwan Mahavira was born and brought up in Kundalagrama in Vaiśālī republic, which makes it a pious and auspicious pilgrimage to Jains. Also Gautama Buddha preached his last sermon before his death in c. 483 BCE, then in 383 BCE the Second Buddhist council was convened here by King Kalasoka, making it an important place in both Jain and Buddhist religions.[2][3][4] It contains one of the best-preserved of the Pillars of Ashoka, topped by a single Asiatic lion.
SAMPADA is an umbrella scheme incorporating ongoing schemes of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) such as Mega Food Parks, Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure, etc. It will also incorporate the new schemes like Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters, Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages, as well as Creation / Expansion of Food Processing & Preservation Capacities. SAMPADA with an allocation of Rs. 6,000 crore is expected to benefit 20 lakh farmers and generate 5,30,500 direct and indirect employment opportunities in the country by the year 2019-20. The objective of SAMPADA is to supplement agriculture, modernize processing of agri products and decrease their wastage.
Read more at: http://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/fact-box-sampada-scheme-05201744403.html
Kameng as tributary of brahmaputra
Banas from banasthali ie marusthali from rajasthan joining the chambal..a tributary of yamuna
PAC ESTIMATES COMMITTEE COPU
NO MINISTER CAN BE MEMBER
SPEAKER APPOINTS CHAIRMAN
ONE YEAR TENURE
PROPORTIONAL REP WITH STV.. therefore all parties
Departure
1. 30 and only from lok sabha in estimate
2. Policy scrutiny only by estimates
3. In case of copu speaker only elects chairman from member belonging to lok sabha only
4.In case of departmental standing committee only nomination by speaker and chairman is done..itch ..no elections.
5. Consultative committee formed by parliamentary affair committee with minister or minister of state as head as a platform for interaction between parliament and gvt.. attached to each ministry or department
The Bill as passed by Parliament creates a Lokpal at the centre which shall consist of a chairperson and up to eight members. Half of these members should have higher judicial experience and the other half should have experience in public administration, finance, insurance and banking laws, anti corruption and vigilance. It also provides that half the members of Lokpal shall be from amongst scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, other backward castes, minority communities and women. The chairman and members of Lokpal shall be appointed by a selection committee consisting of the Prime Minister, the Speaker of Lok Sabha, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a sitting supreme court judge as nominated by the CJI and an eminent jurist to be nominated by the President based on the recommendations of the other members of the selection committee. The Bill specifies that the office of Lokpal shall investigate and prosecute cases of corruption. The jurisdiction of Lokpal extends to the Prime Minister, Ministers, current and former Members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies, government employees and employees of companies funded or controlled by the central or state government. Lokpal shall also have jurisdiction over institutions receiving foreign donations in excess of ten lakh rupees per year or such higher limit as specified. The Bill excludes, any allegation of corruption against a Member of Parliament in respect of anything said or a vote given in Parliament, from the jurisdiction of Lokpal.
The Club of Rome is a global think tank that deals with a variety of international issues, including the world economic system, climate change, and environmental degradation. Founded in 1968 at Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, Italy, the Club of Rome describes itself as "a group of world citizens, sharing a common concern for the future of humanity." It consists of current and former heads of state, UN bureaucrats, high-level politicians and government officials, diplomats, scientists, economists and business leaders from around the globe.[1] It raised considerable public attention in 1972 with its report The Limits to Growth. The club states that its mission is "to act as a global catalyst for change through the identification and analysis of the crucial problems facing humanity and the communication of such problems to the most important public and private decision makers as well as to the general public."[2] Since 1 July 2008, the organization has its headquarters in Winterthur, Switzerland.
44) Consider the following :
Calcutta Unitarian CommitteeTabernacle of New DispensationIndian Reform Association
Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Solution: B
Justification: Calcutta Unitarian Committee was established in 1823 by Rammohun Roy, Dwarkanath Tagore, and William Adam. So, 1 is wrong.
In 1868, Keshub laid the foundation stone of his new church, the Tabernacle of New Dispensation. So, 2 is correct.
Indian reform association was founded in 1870 with Keshub Chunder Sen as president. It represented the secular side of the Brahmo Samaj and included many who did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. So, 3 is correct.
The British Indian Association was established on 31 October 1851. Its formation was a major event of 19th-century India. Its establishment meant Indians had come together and could no longer be ignored. It developed enormous hopes amongst the Indians about their future.[2]
The first committee of the association was composed of : Raja Radhakanta Deb – President, Raja Kalikrishna Deb – Vice-President, Debendranath Tagore – secretary, Digambar Mitra – Asst Secretary, members – Raja Staya Saran Ghosal, Harakumar Tagore, Prasanna Coomar Tagore, Ramanath Tagore, Jay Krishna Mukerjee, Asutosh Deb, Harimohan Sen, Ramgopal Ghosh, Umesh Chandra Dutta (Rambagan), Krishna Kishore Ghosh, Jagadananda Mukhopadhyay, Peary Chand Mitra, and Sambhunath Pandit.[3]
Most of the early leaders of the British Indian Association were conservatives by tradition and temperament, although there were some progressive like Ramgopal Ghosh and Peary Chand Mitra.[1]
It was formed by the amalgamation of the Landholders’ Society and the Bengal British India Society.[1]
United india patriotic association by Syed ahmed khan
Like subhash chandra bose played crucial role in INA
an other bose by the name of anand mohan bose created indian national association INA
with sn bannerjee ...it followed and incorpoated the indian league by sishir bose
Prarthana samaj... as keshub founded his church so this prarthana as well with atmarang pandurao
Paramhans mandali by dadoba pandurang and bal sashtri daaambekar #darpan.. it was secret socio religious reform committee kindish
49. In which of the following regions of India are shale gas resources found?
Cambay BasinCauvery BasinKrishna-Godavari Basin
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Solution: D
Justification: The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) has identified six basins as potentially shale gas bearing. These are Cambay, Assam-Arakan, Gondwana, Krishna-Godavari, Kaveri, and the Indo-Gangetic plain.
http://www.teriin.org/
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity.It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Solution: C
Justification: Statement 1: The founding of TEER is actually a bit elaborate. It started from the G8+5 environment ministers since 2007. You can read more about it in the source given below.
The TEEB office is hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Statement 2 and 3: Lifted nearly verbatim from the source below.
The Chenab Bridge is a railway steel and concrete arch bridge under construction between Bakkal and Kauri in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir in India. When finished, the bridge will span the Chenab River at a height of 359 m (1,178 ft) above the river, making it the world's highest rail bridge.[2] The bridge is scheduled to open in 2019.[3]
Key technical data o
Naga and Pangti, two of the three Amur falcons fitted with satellite tracking chips in Nagaland's Doyang area two years ago, have returned to the state this year again. The two have already completed two rounds of migration from Mongolia to South Africa via Nagaland.
With Nagaland scripting the success story of Amur falcon conservation following ban in poaching since 2013, union minister of state for environment, forest and climate change (MoEFCC) Prakash Javadekar on Monday visited Doyang to celebrate the return of Naga and Pangti.
Javadekar announced that the centre will soon develop Doyang lake as an eco-tourism destination for bird-watchers across the world for having a wonderful sight of Amur falcons.
"The world has recognized Pangti village as world's Amur Falcon capital. More than one million birds can be seen in just 30 minutes. It is a very rare and exciting sight indeed", Javadekar said.
from that of other birds of prey.
PHOTO SOURCE
These birds are insectivorous and it is estimated that in South Africa alone, they consume 2.5 billion termites every year. So they play a crucial role in the agriculture and ecology of their breeding and migratory grounds.
This falcon, that gets its name from the Amur river, also has one of the longest and most fascinating migratory paths in the avian kingdom.
Every year, in autumn, Nagaland’s Doyang Reservoir witnesses what is believed to be the single largest congregation of Amur falcons anywhere in the world. But it wasn’t always so. International bird society bombay natural history society and raptor international
With a little more than a week before Finance Minister Arun Jaitley presents the Budget, the N.K. Singh panel submitted its report on revising the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act to Mr. Jaitley.
Government today constituted a Committee headed by Dr. Shankar Acharya (former Chief Economic Adviser) to examine the desirability and feasibility of having ‘a new financial year’; The Committee to submit its Report by 31st December, 2016.
Ratan watal committee ..payment regulatory board
The Ministry of Railways had appointed a High Level Safety Review Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Anil Kakodkar to review the safety of the Indian Railways and recommend improvements. The Committee recently presented its report. The Committee recommends a total financial investment of Rs 1,00,000 crore over a five year period.
Lhb instead of icf
Anupam verma committee to look into banned fertiliser across the world
Justice esawar.. direct tax reform
Global burden of disease by lancet
The Income Tax department is planning to implement the first phase of ‘Project Insight’ from May 2017 to monitor high value transactions, with a view to curbing the circulation of black money.
This project has been initiated for data mining, collection, collation and processing of such information for effective risk management with a view to widening and deepening tax base.
Key Facts
‘Project Insight’ is an integrated platform that will utilize vast amount of information easily available on social media to conduct raids online rather than traditional way of conducting random searches, known as tax raids.It will use data mining, big data and analytics to scoop out tax evaders from social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.The Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be the unique identifier is used by the Income Tax department to link and analyse various transactions relating to the tax payers.This will enhance the department’s ability to monitor the flow of funds and will provide an audit trail of high value transactions and curb circulation of black moneyThe ‘Project Insight’ will be implemented in phased manner during the period 2016-2018. For its implementation, the IT department has signed a contract with L&T Infotech Ltd.It will also be leveraged for implementation of Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act Inter Governmental Agreement (FATCA IGA) and Common Reporting Standard (CRS).
Significance of ‘Project Insight’
It will help in catching tax evaders in a non-intrusive manner using technology and without traditional intrusive methods like search and seizure.The integrated platform will play a key role in widening of tax base and data mining to track tax evaders.The reporting compliance management system of project will ensure that third party reporting by entities like banks and other financial institutions is timely and accurate.It will also set up a streamlined data exchange mechanism for other government departments.
At a time when reports are coming in of state action against members of the Dongria Kondh tribe in Odisha, their champion, Prafulla Samantara, has received the highest international honour and recognition that an environmentalist can get. Samantara, who rallied the Dongria Kondh tribals and helped them fight for right over their ancestral land, was conferred the Goldman Environmental Prize on Monday, termed the Green Nobel, in the US.
The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), Barbary ape, or magot[4] is a species of macaque unique for its distribution outside Asia.[5] Found in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco along with a small population that were introduced from Morocco to Gibraltar, the Barbary macaque is one of the best-known Old World monkey species.[6]
Skull and brain, as illustrated in Gervais' Histoire naturelle des mammifères
The Barbary macaque is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of all ages and sexes contribute in alloparental care of young.[7]
Macaque diets consist primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years.[8][5]Besides humans, they are the only free-living primates in Europe. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true monkey. Its name refers to the Barbary Coast of North West Africa.
Young India was a weekshed - a weekly paper or journal - in English published by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from 1919 to 1931. Gandhiwrote various quotations in this journal that inspired many.
Gandhi also published indian opinion
Satyagraha in south africa and found the indian natal congress.. phoenix and tolstoy farms were in all previous to indian ashrams
Besant wrote commonweal and new india
Sachindra Nath Sanyal pronunciation was an Indian revolutionary and a founder of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, which after 1928 became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association) that was created to carry out armed resistance against the British Empire in India. He was a mentor for revolutionaries like Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh.
Early life
Sachindra Nath Sanyal's parents were Bengali people.[1] His father was Hari Nath Sanyal and his mother was Kherod Vasini Devi. He was born in Benaras, then in North-Western Provinces, in 1893 and married Pratibha Sanyal, with whom he had one son.[citation needed]
Revolutionary career
Sanyal founded a branch of the Anushilan Samiti in Patna in 1913.[2] He was extensively involved in the plans for the Ghadar conspiracy, and went underground after it was exposed in February 1915.[citation needed] He was a close associate of Rash Behari Bose.[3] After Bose escaped to Japan, Sanyal was considered the most senior leader of India's revolutionary movement.
Sanyal was sentenced to life for his involvement in the conspiracy[2] and was imprisoned at Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, where he wrote his book titled Bandi Jeevan (A Life of Captivity, 1922).[1][4] He was briefly released from jail but when he continued to engage in anti-British activities, he was sent back and his ancestral family home in Benaras was confiscated.[citation needed]
Following the end of the Non-cooperation movement in 1922,[1] Sanyal, Ram Prasad Bismil and some other revolutionaries who wanted an independent India and were prepared to use force to achieve their goal, founded the Hindustan Republican Association in October 1924.[5] He was the author of the HRA manifesto, titled The Revolutionary, that was distributed in large cities of North India on 31 December 1924.[6]
Sanyal was jailed for his involvement in the Kakori conspiracy but was among those conspirators released from Naini Central Prison in August 1937.[7] Thus, Sanyal has the unique distinction of having been sent to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair twice.[citation needed] He contracted tuberculosis in jail and was sent to Gorakhpur Jail for his final months. He died in 1942.
Beliefs
Sanyal and Mahatma Gandhi engaged in a famous debate published in Young India between 1920 and 1924. Sanyal argued against Gandhi's gradualist approach.[citation needed]
Sanyal was known for his firm Hindu beliefs, although some of his followers were Marxists and thus opposed to religions. Bhagat Singh discusses Sanyal's beliefs in his tract Why I am an Atheist. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee was a close associate of Sanyal.[citation needed] He was also supplied with guns by Maulana Shaukat Ali, who was at that time a supporter of Congress and its non-violent methods but not with the same fervour for non-violence that was expressed by his organisation's leader, Gandhi. Another prominent Congressman, Krishna Kant Malaviya, also supplied him with weapons.[8]
